If you own or manage rentals long enough, you’ll eventually have to learn how to evict a tenant and go through the eviction process.
Evicting bad tenants is expensive, time-consuming, and fraught with pitfalls. No really: evictions can take anywhere from two to twelve (12!) months. Many landlords make matters worse by hesitating to evict bad tenants, and then blundering through the long eviction process ill-prepared.
The Covid-19 pandemic certainly didn’t help, with eviction moratoriums letting many tenants live rent-free for over a year. Even after most eviction bans have lifted, many rent courts remain backlogged.
Understand how to evict a tenant before you ever need to start the eviction process, so you don’t waffle when tenants miss rent payments and otherwise push your boundaries.
Table of Contents
Eviction Starts with a Paper Trail
You might think it’s easier to pick up the phone and ask Tom Tenant where the rent is. Or to give verbal warning after warning to the inconsiderate noisy renter, or to Sneaky Pete who slipped his pet python into the property (say that five times fast).
Repeat after me: “Telephone calls leave no trail.”
Phone calls can be a polite addition to written notices, but by themselves they just create a case of he-said she-said. No judge wants to referee between two spatting parties without hard evidence to lean on.
So, how do you keep good records going into the eviction process?
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- Put everything in writing! If you are emailing, send it with a read receipt. If you text, screenshot it. Keep copies of all letters!
- In addition to your ledger, keep copies of all payments. If paid by cash, provide a receipt and get a signature; hold on to all paid check copies; money orders and account automatic deposits.
- If police or other authorities are called by neighbors, get a copy of the report. Make sure you write down the date, time and the officer’s name. Create your own incident report.
- Keep hard copies in a file, along with digital copies on your computer. When you’re sent a digital file, print it. When you’re given printed paper, scan it. You never know when you’ll lose either your hard copies or your digital files.
- Take pictures! Trash strewn all over the rental unit’s lawn? Take photos. Tenant left the apartment damaged? Take photos. Turn your date- and timestamp on before taking the photos, and consider taking a video of the damage. Most critically, take photos along with your Move-In/Move-Out Condition Statement, which should be signed by the renters at both move-in and move-out, and provide photos to the renter of each condition.
Know State & Local Eviction Laws!
Benjamin Franklin said it best: “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.”
Let’s face it, rental properties cost a pretty penny. Becoming knowledgeable of state, local and Federal regulations are a big part of your owner’s manual.
First, know that “self-help evictions” are a big no-no. A “self-help eviction” is when the landlord or property manager takes measures into their own hands to remove a tenant who has not paid or violated the lease or law. It’s illegal in every state.
What are some “self-help eviction” measures to avoid?
- Do not change the locks before the eviction lockout date.
- Do not touch or remove any of the tenant’s possessions.
- Do not shut-off utilities (even if the tenant has not paid).
- Do not stop making repairs. Tenants routinely use this in court as a defense.
- Do not harass, curse at, or threaten a tenant, occupant or guest. Be careful using social media and posting anything derogatory about them, no matter how much of a deadbeat they’ve been.
Overview of How to Evict a Tenant: Infographic
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Eviction Process Step 1: Written Notice
Every state requires landlords to serve their tenants with a written eviction warning notice before they can file in court for eviction. (Psst: we offer eviction notices for all 50 states through our online landlord software, free of charge. Just saying.)
These eviction warning notices must include state-specific language. It also gives the tenant a set amount of time to cure the violation and avoid eviction; the exact number of days varies by state. Not sending the right notice at the right time only adds time and aggravation to this already stressful process.
It is these tiny little details that can often make or break an eviction case. Most district judges will hold you accountable to the letter of these minutiae.
Here are a few examples of how state laws vary:
North Carolina: When a North Carolina tenant is behind on the rent, the landlord must give them a written notice demanding payment within ten days. If the tenant fails to pay, the landlord must then go to the local courthouse and file a Complaint in Summary Ejectment (more on that in Step 2: Filing).
Illinois: Illinois requires a five-day notice of eviction for nonpayment of rent. Other wrong-doings and lease breaches require a different form, a ten-day notice. Then there are the major cities! Chicago imposes its own set of processes for eviction. Be sure that you always check your local notice requirements as well!
How Do You Serve the Eviction Notice?
Again, without sounding like a broken record, different states (and some municipalities) have different protocols. Below find the various ways to deliver that notice to the offending tenant.
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- First-class and/or certified mail. Some states allow regular mail, while others require certified mail. I always send one certified, return receipt required, even when not required. Having that little green signed card in court can go a long way.
- Post. This is when you tape the notice to an obvious place such as the front door. Tip: Mail it as well!
- Hand-deliver. Each state has their own ways to do this. With some, you can just hand it to whomever answers the door and run! And other states require a signature (tip: it’s always better to get it signed). There are rules as to who may receive the notice and their minimum age; delivering it to a toddler is never allowed.
- Process server. Few states require this, but it has its advantages. First, it’s hard proof that the eviction notice was delivered. It’s also less confrontational and dangerous than hand delivery by you, as irate tenants can be unpredictable. Still, it’s expensive, and an extra step to have to take.
Bear in mind that some states require a combination of these service options before filing in court for eviction.
Eviction Step 2: File in Court
How many days did your state require in the eviction warning notice?
That’s how long you must wait before filing in court.
For instance, in Iowa, once your notice period expires, you go to your county court and file an Iowa Forcible Entry and Detainer or F.E.D. Alabama landlords also file the form in the County courthouse; it’s referred to as the Statement of Claim Eviction, Unlawful Detainer. In Michigan and Pennsylvania, these forms are filed at the district court level and termed Summons and Complaint for Eviction.
As each of them has different names, they also have distinctive information required as well as the methods to file them. Some municipalities have joined this millennium and allow online filing for the eviction process. Others remain stubbornly low tech, and require an in-person visit to the courthouse with paperwork and paper check in hand.
The nuances do not end there. Each court has a decree on what constitutes “proper waiting time”. That five-day grace period in your proper notice may mean “any” five days in a row in one state, and five business days in another state and a whole different counting interval somewhere else.
Rule of thumb: Contact the clerk of court where your property is located. Do this before you ever need it. Find out what constitutes a day in a notice period? How can a form be filed; in person or online? What is the service of notice requirement?
Eviction Step 3: The Hearing
Eviction Step 3: The HearingThe document is filed, your tenant receives notice from the court that they must appear for a hearing. Most states will assign a court date for all parties to appear and duke it out, presenting evidence and making a case before a judge.
However, some states such as Nevada require the tenant to contest the complaint first (usually via mail). If they do so within the time window, a court date is scheduled for all parties to appear. However, if the tenant fails to answer in the time allotted, the eviction order is automatically granted. There are a few states that have similar procedures.
“What do I bring to the eviction hearing?”
The rental agreement, if you have one, is important to bring along. Any notices, copies of checks, pictures, unpaid utility bills and your rental ledger should be in your case file. If you have made any phone calls, make sure you have the specific dates and times.
TIP: Always bring an extra copy of the lease agreement with you. Often the Judge does not have it. Make notes as to which section of the lease was violated. The more organized and the easier it is for the Judge to find the necessary information, the better it is for you.
“Do I need an attorney?”
You can’t expect us to answer that! While we would never tell anyone not to hire an attorney, our experience has been that landlords don’t need one for the eviction process. But if there is confusion, complications, worries, snags or you have never been in a court before; perhaps it is worth the money to hire an attorney. However, a cut-and-dry non-payment case is usually straightforward. And often the tenant doesn’t bother to show up.
What if your tenant appeals? In some courts, in order for the tenant to do this, a specific portion or allotment of the rent “allegedly” owed must be paid into the court along with paperwork to initiate the appeal. In other courts, the tenant must simply pay rent, current. The appeal process can be lengthy and complicated. Therefore, at this point unless you have been there, done that; time to call your lawyer.
Unfortunately, there exist professional tenants that can literally drown a landlord in litigation for months, or worse, years. Tenants in the midst of bankruptcy could hold you stagnant as well. Without sounding repetitive, get good, professional, legal counsel if this happens!
Eviction Step 4: Lockout
Each state has their own procedure for formal eviction lockouts as well, surprise!
Many courts offer a period of appeal. (See how long this process is getting?) In Pennsylvania, the appeal time after a judge renders his decision is ten days. This means that either party may file an appeal to a higher court at any time within the ten-day period.
And remember, each court counts days differently!
Once the judge approves the eviction court order, and any appeal period has been exhausted, the procedure for a sheriff or other law enforcement agent to perform a lockout may begin. Important note: YOU may be the one required to schedule the eviction with the sheriff’s office! Be sure to ask the court.
Almost there…
Some states such as Colorado have a process for Writ of Restitution. This is a form that the property owner will get from the courts, and then take to the sheriff’s office.
Once the sheriff assigns an eviction date, the landlord has to post or serve it on the tenant. Basically, it tells the tenant to get out or be locked out. That means everyone in the household must vacate and all personal items must be removed.
In some tenant-friendly states, the landlord is required to store the tenant’s abandoned property. For instance, in Nevada, the landlord not only must store the junk for 30 days but also even after the 30 days are up, must make sure and take all “reasonable” efforts to locate the owner of this abandoned stuff! And in Oregon, not only must you store the renter’s belongings, but you must also ensure that no damage is done to it.
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How to Evict a Tenant Without a Lease Contract
Sometimes you end up with tenants that you never signed a lease agreement with, such as inherited tenants, or romantic partners who moved in with your original tenant and then stuck around after your original tenant moved out.
You can still evict a tenant without a lease from your rental property, the same way you evict a squatter or a tenant with a rental agreement. You serve the same type of notice as any other eviction, wait the grace period, then initiate the legal eviction action by filing in court if they don’t move out on their own.
Use our software to download an eviction warning notice for your state, serve it on the occupant, and follow the same eviction process as usual.
Should Landlords Pursue a Judgment?
Evicted tenants often owe thousands of dollars in back rent by the time the landlord regains possession of the property. Should you just write that money off as a loss?
It depends.
You can file a lawsuit in small claims court against your ex-tenants. It costs you in time, labor, and court costs (and possibly legal fees), but you do have a legal right to pursue tenants for past due rent they owe you: a default judgment.
However, even if you win the lawsuit, you don’t just get a check on the spot. You win a money judgment, which you must then collect from the renter. Which usually means hiring a collection agency, who takes a cut (typically half) of every dollar they collect for you.
If the tenant owes you a significant amount of unpaid rent or damage costs, and you feel confident that a collection agency can find both the tenant and their employer to garnish wages, it’s often worth the hassle of a small claims suit. Otherwise, just do a better job of screening tenants in the future.
Are There Any Alternatives to The Eviction Lockout Process?
Are There Any Alternatives to The Eviction Lockout Process?If your tenant is engaging in illegal activity — and you can prove it — you may be able to expedite the eviction proceedings. It depends on your state and local laws.
Another option is “cash for keys.” Originally invented by banks, lenders came up with the idea to pay owners in foreclosure to leave. It made sense (cents?) as the foreclosure process can take upwards of a year to complete. During which time the occupants don’t typically make any repairs, and may even cause property damage.
It might stick in your craw, but sometimes it’s the cheapest and fastest way to get your hard-earned property back. (It makes you wonder though, about a legal system so cumbersome that we have to reward people for breaking their lease contract just to get our own property back…)
Consider a simple non-pay eviction case in my suburb. I can generally go from notice to lock-out (provided there are no glitches) in about a month to forty-five days. But in larger cities, such as Philadelphia or Chicago? Triple that, just to get a court hearing! Much less an actual lockout date.
So, here you are with a tenant not paying rent. In my smaller town, it costs you a minimum of two months of no rent (plus court fees) to evict. Then money to clean out the abandoned junk, repair the property, and even replace stolen appliances, ruined carpeting and the like. In some anti-landlord cities and states, landlords sometimes have to pay to store personal property abandoned by the ex-tenant.
All in all, you’re facing thousands of dollars in expenses.
Instead you can try:
“I would like to propose that you move out in two weeks and I will pay you $500. I’ll meet you to inspect the property, and if all looks good, I’ll give you the cash and we are done.”
Be sure and read your tenant and the situation before jumping to this solution. Many times, when a tenant gets a notice, they get scared and leave quietly on their own in the middle of the night or pay up. Other times, they’ll string you along and say they’ll leave voluntarily, and then… won’t.
Oz. of Prevention > Lb. of Cure
As much as we try and avoid the eviction hell, occasionally we all end up there.
You can avoid most bad tenants — and therefore most evictions — with thorough tenant screening tactics, including tenant screening reports such as credit, criminal, and eviction reports, and contacting employers and landlords. Start with a free tenant background check through our landlord software.
Even so, tenant screening isn’t foolproof. To completely ensure you don’t lose thousands of dollars to rent defaults and evictions, you can literally insure against them. Check out Steady as a great example; they’re reasonably priced and worth the peace of mind.
Go further and check the Facebook and social media pages. Contact employers, prior landlords. Walk through their current home.
You can also protect yourself by collecting a higher security deposit.
In other words, think defensively to prevent lease violations, and ensure you collect all rent on time.♦
What have your experiences been with the eviction process? What are your tips for how to evict a tenant?
Every landlord needs to know the eviction process inside and out. If you’ve never had to do an eviction, lucky you! But still, go out and make sure you “get it” before you need to actually do it. Trust me, I know what happens when you don’t. You end up taking twice as long to evict a deadbeat as it should.
I had a nightmare eviction once, took ten months. I now make tenant screening my highest priority as a landlord, never EVER plan to go through the eviction process again.
In the past I’ve really struggled with filing and starting the eviction process. But I’ve been burned so many times by tenants abusing my sympathy that I’ve started serving the eviction notice on the first day it’s late, and filing for eviction as soon as the waiting period is up.
And sure enough, like you said, the tenants suddenly started prioritizing their rent payments over other bills.
I’ve been there myself Alesha! When people call you crying, you want to help them. It’s human nature. But if you don’t start the eviction process, there’s no external motivation for tenants to prioritize the rent payment. I’ve learned this one the hard way as well.
In my experience, the faster you are to file and start the eviction process, the less likely you are to actually need to complete the process. Tenants learn the lesson the first time, and start making sure they get the money to you on time.
Exactly Bradley! By setting expectations the first time, you avoid all the headaches and expenses in the future.
This is something I had a hard time with for a long time as a landlord. I always gave tenants extra time, and they kept paying later and later.
At a certain point I realized they were walking all over me, and paying the rent as their last priority because they knew I would let them get away with it. Wish I’d learned the lessons above earlier!
I’m sorry to hear that Pattie, but it sounds like your rentals are on a better path now!
I’m upset I live in Orlando FL. And my daughter bought a money Pithome.Here girl friend two kids are going to be evicted. My gosh she’s been sick she got fired they later on because of the coronavirus. can the apartment manager just throw her out in the street. I know he has to give her written notice. How long does she have before they kick her out. She is a good woman she has never had anything like this happen to her
Agree 100%
My landlord obviously doesn’t because there are 3 adults on the lease and they took only one tenant to court for eviction. Court of law states all tenants who are on the lease are to be taken to court first before eviction if only 1 tenant is taken to court for eviction the other tenants have the right to stay until the landlord files eviction on the other tenants on the lease as well
Yeah I have to agree. This isn’t the “fun” or “glamorous” side of owning rentals, but it’s a reality. Sometimes people break their contract with you, and want to keep using your property without paying you for it. And when that happens, you need to know how to take your property back, because it’ll take twice as long if you don’t cross every T and dot every I in the exact order, and at the exact right intervals.
Can they lock you out for one month then try to hold you accountable for 07/01 if it’s not even the first ?
No one wants to be a jerk, but I’ve found that when I send late rent/eviction notices on the first day that they become late (the 6th of the month in my case), my renters are MUCH more likely to pay their rent on time moving forward. It’s about setting expectations early and often, so they know that if they don’t pay, there’s a very predictable and unwanted consequence.
I agree 100% Sandra. You need to set expectations early and often!
All landlords and property managers need to understand the eviction process in and out. You never know when you’ll need to execute it.
So right! I hope that one day all landlords go into property management with full knowledge.
Hey,
Thanks for sharing all details of eviction process with us. I agree with you that eviction is very expensive to do. Landlords should have legal and strong reason to evict their tenants. But many eviction shouldn’t beneficial for landlords.
Informational post. Helpful for both Landlords and tenants. Step by Step given about Eviction Process. Evictions are expensive, time-consuming, and fraught with pitfalls. Many landlords make matters worse by hesitating to evict bad tenants, and then traipsing through the eviction process ill-prepared. Most bad tenants – and therefore most evictions – can be avoided through tenant screening tactics, but nothing’s foolproof. I have less idea regarding this by Rocket Eviction, eviction service provider of Las Vegas. After reading this blog I got more idea. Thanks for sharing.
Does the landlord have to serve all co-tenants on the lease with eviction papers? In the state of missouri
Hi LoriAnn, while I’m not an attorney and can’t give legal advice, each state has its own list of allowed methods for serving an eviction notice. Certified mail is an option in every state that I’m aware of, so that’s usually a safe bet for starting the eviction process. Keep the certification, you’ll need it in rent court!
I am not an attorney so for legal advice please contact a legal counsel. However, in Missouri, to begin an eviction a Service of Sermons must be served. And it must be served by the sheriff or another court officer. Unless you request a later date, a court date will be scheduled for not more than twenty-one days after issuing of the summons.
The service may be done either by posting or by personal service on a person who is at least fifteen years of age and who resides in the rental unit.
Hope this helps!
April 29, 2019
Brain I read part of your informative information. Would like to understand more of how you may be able to assist me with /in a situation involving my cousin. My aunt passed, as I recall, about 4 years ago. Her home remained vacate and the tax on the property ultimately became delinquent. She had asked my brother to be trustee and he agreed. My aunt named her three adult grandchildren as property owners in her will. However, my brother passed, in 2017. Prior to his passing, my aunt’s grandchildren neglected paying the tax for over, as I recall, 4 to 5 ultimately the county sent my brother a notice that they plan to sale the property, My brother informed our cousins of this and urged them to take care of the matter. Two weeks before the property was scheduled to foreclose we received a final notice and our cousins refused to take action.
My brother and I put our money together and paid off all the back tax. We have proof of payment receipts. Less than a year ago my cousin moved into my aunt’s house and is refusing to the brother passed in 2017 and he and I agreed The home was vacant In 2017 and my brother and I continued to put aside money with a plan to save enough money than fix up the house and sale it to recuperate our loses.
Saundra
Thank you for your time
Hi Saundra, in a family dispute over property ownership you may need to hire the help of a local attorney. Those situations can get ugly, both emotionally and financially – I’m sorry for the difficult situation. Best of luck finding a mutually agreeable solution.
I have a nasty situation where my mother passed earlier this year and my sister is living in the home. My mother left a trust with 10 beneficiaries, siblings and grandchildren. My sister has no rental agreement but is refusing to move. An eviction notice has been filed, now an unlawful detainer and now a settlement hearing. Since no money is going into the property because she refuses to pay market rate, there is no money coming into the estate. Her defense is that she can pay the $800 house payment my mother had. Everyone else is onboard with selling the property. Not everyone can afford to maintain the property. I kept asking myself, what is the purpose of the trust if one person can be a sour grape and tie everything up and bankrupt the estate.
I hate meth heads been fighting them for months and even had them evicted in court. Still can’t get them out. Illinois sucks for landlords.
I hear you Mike. I’ve been there myself, and I no longer invest in states or cities with laws unfriendly to landlords. Hope you can get through the eviction process sooner rather than later with your current tenants!
Sometimes you’ll just have a bad landlord. I live in a overly large RV park in a small town. Been here just at a year, PAY RENT ON TIME EVERY SINGLE MONTH. Last month 3ish weeks into the month he comes and says my dog has been getting out and “biting people”!! (???) How does he know it’s my dog, why not come to get me immediately, etc.. And a couple other bogus complaints, verbally says we have 2 days to move and leaves. Well rent becomes due again and we pay, on time, and the same day he brings the money order back saying he told us to leave. I said sorry I can’t do anything due to the COVID-19 crisis and he only replied with he’ll have the sheriff come out. Next day he sends sheriff out and when my roommate/friend asks the sheriff about our rights, he says ” we were hoping to not involve the law”.. we have a lawyer and will fight but it goes to show that in a rental situation, sometimes you have bad landlords, not bad tenants. He’s still trying to evict me during an eviction memorandum in my state due to the virus. In this case – he doesn’t want my money, I’m assuming it’s due to his lack of business licensing and he is having trouble cashing the money orders. At one point he told roommate that he would prefer cash.. Stand up for yourself, landlord or tenant
Everything I’ve read is for the landlord with the exception of the last comment. Got a termination notice on my landlady’s letter head giving me 90 days no cause than 1 month later she rescinded saying that she hopes I move before she gets her lawyer involved.. have been harassed, intimidated, told lies about what’s going on where I live involving my husband, who is disabled.. and thought I had a place but wasn’t approved through section 8. Thought my landlord and I kinda came to an agreement but than 2 days later said she wanted me out at the end of the month with the keys and I told her I had rescinded my 30 days as she did and I wasn’t going anywhere. Now she’s locked us out of the laundry room and I’m so done I told her to take me to court. Paid our rent 5 years straight no late fees ever so I’m taking this personal.
I am trying to get this guy out of my house how do I do it I gave him a chance but he won’t work or give me rent money
I was illegally evicted over a year ago. They “stole” over $6,000 of my personal property and gave me a “bad” reference. What can I do about it, if anything? My rent was $550.00 a month. I was 3 months behind and was never even served by a written notice. I was in jail at the time with no ability to get in touch with my bank to pay. They changed the locks and told me over the phone that I was evicted…
I’m about to evict a tenant due many reasons. I’m about to snap. Really… I’m not used to be treated like trash. I’ll stay civilized and do my due diligence.
I hear you Jason. Cross all your Ts and dot all your Is, or else they’ll find a way to delay the eviction process!
Does a 3day eviction require a judges signature. All statements on the eviction are lies , doesn’t she need proof.
Please see the process outlined above. There’s a court hearing if the tenant doesn’t vacate after receiving the formal eviction notice.
The last few years have certainly been a roller coaster ride as a landlord…
Absolutely Martin, and the next few might as well, as interest rates and the economy bounce around trying to find their post-pandemic footing.